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This paper offers a comparative analysis of regions in the United States (US) and European Union (EU) countries before and during the aftermath of the global financial crisis. By using a regional taxonomy approaching a functional ...
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This paper offers a comparative analysis of regions in the United States (US) and European Union (EU) countries before and during the aftermath of the global financial crisis. By using a regional taxonomy approaching a functional definition, we can compare in a more meaningful way the regions in EU countries and the US. We use of a newly developed OECD functional typology of TL3 (Territorial Level 3) regions, which classifies regions into five categories: two are metropolitan regions (with a very large or large city) and three are regions with accessibility to cities of different sizes. Over the period 2000-17, we assess which types of regions have been most resilient or vulnerable to the effects of the crisis. To identify structural factors, we analyse the evolution of the contributions of regions to aggregate GDP and productivity growth. Some structural patterns emerge, which are then related to the evolution of regional inequalities between 2000 and 2017. Overall, we found that regional inequalities seem mainly related to structural factors rather than macroeconomic shocks, such as the global financial crisis.
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In reconnection, the presence of heavy ions like O~+ increases the ion mass density reducing the fluid’s Alfvén speed. In addition, it may modify the reconnection structure, which can also change the reconnection rate. However, ...
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In reconnection, the presence of heavy ions like O~+ increases the ion mass density reducing the fluid’s Alfvén speed. In addition, it may modify the reconnection structure, which can also change the reconnection rate. However, because O~+ ions have a larger Larmor radii than H~+ ions at the same velocity, they may not be fully entrained in the reconnection flow and may have kinetic effects other than just increasing the mass density. In this study, for the first time, the ion velocity distribution functions of H~+ and O~+ from one magnetopause reconnection event with a strong guide field are analyzed to determine in detail the behavior of the different ion populations. We show that the hot magnetospheric O~+ ions, along with the hot magnetospheric H~+ ions almost fully participate in the reconnection exhaust flows. Finite Larmor radius effects are also apparent and control how far the ions extend on the magnetosheath side. Ion signatures consistent with heating after being picked up in the reconnection exhaust flow are observed in the H~+ and O~+ distribution functions. The dynamics of the cold magnetospheric ions depends on where they enter the reconnection region. If they enter the reconnection region at the downstream separatrix, they will be taken away by the magnetic field in an adiabatic way as analyzed by Drake et al. (2009a); if they enter close to the diffusion region, they behave as pick-up ions.
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In this paper we define the Santaló-region and the Floating body of a log-concave function on ?~n. We then study their properties. Our main result is that any relation of Floating body and Santaló region of a convex body is tran...
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In this paper we define the Santaló-region and the Floating body of a log-concave function on ?~n. We then study their properties. Our main result is that any relation of Floating body and Santaló region of a convex body is translated to a relation of Floating body and Santald region of an even log-concave function.
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The North Equatorial Current (NEC) of the Pacific Ocean advects subtropical, subpolar, and tropical water masses. Repeat underwater glider observations of the NEC from June 2009 to January 2014 along 134.3°E provide absolute zona...
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The North Equatorial Current (NEC) of the Pacific Ocean advects subtropical, subpolar, and tropical water masses. Repeat underwater glider observations of the NEC from June 2009 to January 2014 along 134.3°E provide absolute zonal geostrophic velocity, transport, and water mass structure at length scales of 10–1000 km. The NEC is strongest near the surface and persistent eastward undercurrents are identified deeper than potential density surface 26 kg m~(-3) at 9.6°N and 13.1°N. Mean transport from the surface to 27.3 kg m~(-3) and 8.5°N–16.5°N is 37.6 Sv (10~6 m~3 s~(-1)), with a standard deviation of 15.6 Sv. The transport variability is greatest deeper than 26 kg m~(-3) due to undercurrent variability. Wavelet analysis at scales of 10–80 km reveals extrema of fine-scale salinity variance along isopycnals (spice variance). High spice variance is found in the North Pacific Tropical Water (NPTW) and the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), with a spice variance minimum between water masses at 25.5 kg m~(-3). A horizontal Cox number, C_H, relates salinity variance at fine scales (10–80 km) to that at greater length scales (120–200 km). As a function of density, C_H is nearly vertically uniform, indicating that the stirring of mean salinity gradients enhances fine-scale salinity variance. NPTW, with an estimated horizontal eddy diffusivity of order 10~4 m s~(-2), is a useful tracer for the region and may be used to relate the fine-scale salinity variance to an eddy diffusivity.
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The identification of regions is both a computational and conceptual challenge. Even with growing computational power, regionalization algorithms must rely on heuristic approaches in order to find solutions. Therefore, the constra...
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The identification of regions is both a computational and conceptual challenge. Even with growing computational power, regionalization algorithms must rely on heuristic approaches in order to find solutions. Therefore, the constraints and evaluation criteria that define a region must be translated into an algorithm that can efficiently and effectively navigate the solution space to find the best solution. One limitation of many existing regionalization algorithms is a requirement that the number of regions be selected a priori. The recently introduced max-p algorithm does not have this requirement, and thus the number of regions is an output of, not an input to, the algorithm. In this paper, we extend the max-p algorithm to allow for greater flexibility in the constraints available to define a feasible region, placing the focus squarely on the multidimensional characteristics of the region. We also modify technical aspects of the algorithm to provide greater flexibility in its ability to search the solution space. Using synthetic spatial and attribute data, we are able to show the algorithm's broad ability to identify regions in maps of varying complexity. We also conduct a large-scale computational experiment to identify parameter settings that result in the greatest solution accuracy under various scenarios. The rules of thumb identified from the experiment produce maps that correctly assign areas to their 'true' region with 94% average accuracy, with nearly 50% of the simulations reaching 100% accuracy.
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From a historical perspective, the state of Texas has been one of the most herpetologically diverse and traditionally sampled areas of the country. However, primarily due to collecting bias, several areas of Texas remain overlooke...
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From a historical perspective, the state of Texas has been one of the most herpetologically diverse and traditionally sampled areas of the country. However, primarily due to collecting bias, several areas of Texas remain overlooked, particularly areas that lie outside of the Trans-Pecos region, and several species of herpetofauna tend to be largely unnoticed as well. Here we report on new county records that serve as either range extensions or that function as the "filling in" of distributional gaps for numerous species of amphibians and reptiles in several counties of Texas.
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For an analytic function f (z) on the unit disk {pipe}z{pipe} < 1 with f (0) = f′(0) - 1 = 0 and f (z) ≠ 0, 0 < {pipe}z{pipe} < 1, we consider the power deformation f _c(z) = z(f (z)/z) c for a complex number c. We determine those values c for which the operator → f _c maps a specified class of univalent functions into the class of univalent functions. A little surprisingly, we will see that the set is described by the variability region of the quantity zf′(z)/ f (z), {pipe}z{pipe} < 1, for most of the classes that we consider in the present paper. As an unexpected by-product, we show boundedness of strongly spirallike functions....
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For an analytic function f (z) on the unit disk {pipe}z{pipe} < 1 with f (0) = f′(0) - 1 = 0 and f (z) ≠ 0, 0 < {pipe}z{pipe} < 1, we consider the power deformation f _c(z) = z(f (z)/z) c for a complex number c. We determine those values c for which the operator → f _c maps a specified class of univalent functions into the class of univalent functions. A little surprisingly, we will see that the set is described by the variability region of the quantity zf′(z)/ f (z), {pipe}z{pipe} < 1, for most of the classes that we consider in the present paper. As an unexpected by-product, we show boundedness of strongly spirallike functions.
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For alpha is an element of C\{0} let epsilon(alpha) denote the class of all univalent functions f in the unit disk D and is given by f (z) = z + a(2)z(2) + a(3)z(3) + ... , satisfying Re(1+ zf ''(z)/f'(z) + alpha zf'(z)) > 0 in D....
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For alpha is an element of C\{0} let epsilon(alpha) denote the class of all univalent functions f in the unit disk D and is given by f (z) = z + a(2)z(2) + a(3)z(3) + ... , satisfying Re(1+ zf ''(z)/f'(z) + alpha zf'(z)) > 0 in D. For any fixed z(0) in the unit disk D and lambda is an element of (D) over bar, we determine the region of variability V(z(0), lambda) for log f' (z(0)) + alpha f (z(0)) when f ranges over the class F(alpha)(lambda) = {f is an element of epsilon(alpha): f ''(0) = 2 lambda - alpha}. We geometrically illustrate the region of variability V(z(0), lambda) for several sets of parameters using Mathematica. In the final section of this article we propose some open problems.
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This paper explores the potential and limits of using the concept of metropolisation to describe the emergence and evolution of metropolitan spaces (process) and particularly focuses on its utility as a tool to specify the limits ...
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This paper explores the potential and limits of using the concept of metropolisation to describe the emergence and evolution of metropolitan spaces (process) and particularly focuses on its utility as a tool to specify the limits of the metropolitan (lens). To that end, it asks to what degree this alternative and multifaceted conceptualization of the metropolitan challenges existing models. It explores this question by outlining the main tenants of the metropolisation approach and engaging in a preliminary attempt to more firmly operationalize its political-institutional dimension. This paper focuses on unpacking this contrast in the United States and argues that applying metropolisation as a lens returns a very different interpretation of the extent of metropolitan areas than widely used statistical definitions (such as MSAs).
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Regional convergence has become a heated topic in the last decades. To address it, most papers define regions on the base of normative/administrative criteria, although some consider that it could lead to misleading conclusions. I...
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Regional convergence has become a heated topic in the last decades. To address it, most papers define regions on the base of normative/administrative criteria, although some consider that it could lead to misleading conclusions. In view of that, this article explores, over the period 1995-2006, the per capita income distribution of two sets of European regions: administrative (NUTS2) and functional (Metropolitan) regions. From a methodological point of view, a distribution dynamics approach - examining the external shape and movements within these distributions - is applied to analyse the issue of convergence. The study does reveal the presence of a process of convergence across both types of regions; however, this seems to be more rapid with Metropolitan than NUTS2 regions, which prompt us to proposing some relative major changes in the EU regional policy.
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